What Family Group on the Periodic Table Contains the Most Reactive Metals, Especially With Water?
Core Concepts:
In this tutorial, yous will learn how to read the periodic tabular array. We will take a close expect at the groups of the periodic tabular array. In improver, yous will learn virtually the dissimilar properties of the periodic table groups, periods, and families. If you enjoy this article, be sure to cheque out our others!
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Vocabulary
- Elements: A pure substance equanimous of a single atom.
- Groups: The vertical column of the periodic table that signifies the number of valence electrons in an element.
- Periods: The horizontal rows in the periodic table that signify the number of electron shells in an chemical element.
- Families: Elements that accept the same number of valence electrons and therefore similar backdrop.
The Periodic Table and the Periodic Trends
The periodic table is organized into groups (vertical columns), periods (horizontal rows), and families (groups of elements that are similar). Elements in the aforementioned group have the same number of valence electrons. Meanwhile, elements in the same catamenia have the aforementioned number of occupied electron shells. In 1869 Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev noticed there existed an innate blueprint of organization for the chemical elements. From this deduction, he formed the periodic table. It is of import to note how the location of elements on this table tells u.s. about their properties. A quick way to understand an element's chemical and physical backdrop is to know the periodic trends. These trends tell you lot where the highest and lowest types of properties are concentrated on the periodic table. For a more in-depth explanation of periodic trends, click here.
Group vs Period
Groups are the columns of the periodic table, and periods are the rows. There are xviii groups, and there are 7 periods plus the lanthanides and actinides.
Periods on the Periodic Table
So what is a catamenia on the periodic table? Periods are the horizontal rows of the periodic tabular array. There are seven periods total and each element in a menstruation has the aforementioned number of atomic orbitals. The meridian period, which contains hydrogen and helium, has simply two orbitals. Equally you go down the rows, the number of orbitals increases. Below is a tabular array to help visuals the periodic number and the corresponding orbitals.
| Menstruation Number | Number of Orbitals | Number of Elements |
| 1 | 1 | ii |
| 2 | 2 | 8 |
| three | three | eight |
| 4 | 4 | 18 |
| v | five | 18 |
| six | six | 32 |
| 7 | 7 | 32 |
Groups of the Periodic Table
As previously mentioned, the vertical columns on the periodic tabular array are chosen "groups". In that location is 18 groups on the periodic table in full, and each periodic table group contains elements with the aforementioned number of valence electrons.
The number of valence electrons present dictates the properties of an element. The reason for this is that the valence electrons, which are the electrons in the outermost trounce, are the ones taking part in chemical reactions. These electrons are either altruistic, accepting, or sharing. Moreover, the more filled the valence shell is, the more stable the element.
How many groups are in the periodic tabular array?
At that place are 18 groups in the periodic tabular array, one per each cavalcade of the periodic table. The first column on the left is group 1, and the concluding column on the correct is group eighteen.
Groups and Valence Electrons
The first group is the least stable as it only has 1 valence electron. Meanwhile, group xviii is the nearly stable as these elements have a full valence beat out (8 valence electrons). Below is a tabular array relating the grouping numbers to the number of valence electrons.
| Group Number | Number of Valence Electrons |
| 1 | 1 |
| 2 | 2 |
| 3-12 | 2 |
| 13 | iii |
| 14 | 4 |
| xv | 5 |
| 16 | 6 |
| 17 | 7 |
| eighteen | 8 |
Families of the Periodic Tabular array
On the periodic table, there are families which are groups of elements with similar properties. These families are alkali metals, alkaline metal earth metals, transition metals, post-transition metals, metalloids, halogens, noble metals, and noble gases. Many of these families belong to a unmarried group on the periodic table. However, not all of the families overlap with periodic table groups. For case, the transition metals contain all elements from grouping three to grouping twelve. Below is a periodic table where displaying the location of each family unit.
The Brine Metals (Group i)
The alkali metals consist of all of the elements in group one with the exception of hydrogen. These elements are extremely reactive and for this reason, are usually found in compounds. In improver, they are h2o-sensitive (they react violently with h2o), and so they must be stored in oil. The most reactive alkali metal is francium and information technology decreases as you go up the group. This means lithium is the to the lowest degree reactive. Physically, the alkali metallic family unit is silver, white, and light. They likewise have low melting and low boiling points.
The Alkaline Earth Metals (Group 2)
The alkaline globe metals are the 2nd most reactive family on the periodic table (following behind the alkali metals). Moreover, they are strong reducing agents which means they donate electrons in chemical reactions. They are as well proficient thermal and electrical conductors. Physically, they have depression density, low melting betoken, and a depression boiling signal.
Rare Earth Metals: Lanthanides
Lanthanides are a family of rare earth metals that contain one valence electron in the 5d shell. They are highly reactive and a strong reducing agent in reactions. Furthermore, they are a silverish-brilliant metal and are relatively soft. They likewise have both high melting points and loftier boiling points. The rare earths include elements like neodymium and erbium.
Rare Globe Metals: Actinides
Actinides are another family of rare earth metals. Like the lanthanides, these elements are highly reactive. They also have high electropositivity and are radioactive. Additionally, these elements contain paramagnetic, pyromorphic, and allotropic properties. Physically, they are very similar to lanthanides. They are silvery metals that are soft, malleable, and ductile.
The Transition Metals (Groups three-11)
The transition metals typically course ii or more oxidation states. They have depression ionization energies and high electrical conductivity. In add-on, they have loftier melting points, high boiling points, and loftier conductivity. Physically they are both metal and malleable.
Post Transition Metal
The mail service transition metals are located in betwixt the transition metals and the metalloids. At standard temperature, they are in a solid state of affair. They tend to have a loftier density likewise as high electrical conductivity. Physically they are malleable and ductile.
The Metalloids
The metalloids brandish properties of both metals and non-metals. For example, metals are good conductors and non-metals are poor conductors. This ways metalloids are semiconductors (only conducts electricity at high temperatures.). Also, they are more brittle than metals only less brittle than non-metals. Physically they tin can be either shiny or wearisome and are typically ductile and malleable.
The Halogens (Grouping 17)
The proper name element of group vii ways "salt formers" in greek. This is evident in nature as halogens collaborate with metals to form diverse salts. On some other note, the halogens are a unique group of elements. They are the simply periodic family that contains elements in the three states of matter at standard temperature. There are 6 halogens and they are located in grouping 17. These elements include fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), and astatine (At). They are highly reactive, highly electronegative, and highly toxic non-metals.
Noble Metals
The noble metals consist of ruthenium (Ru), osmium (Os), rhodium (Rh), iridium (Ir), Pd, platinum (Pt), gold (Au), silver (Ag). Like the noble gases, they are inert due to having a consummate valence shell. In add-on, noble metals have catalytic tendencies. Also, they are very resistant to corrosion, tarnishing, and oxidation. Finally, like many of the other metals, they are soft and ductile.
Noble Gases (Group eighteen)
The noble gases, also called aerogens, are inert gases. Some examples include argon, krypton, and neon. They tin can be found in grouping eighteen on the periodic table. Likewise, this means they take a complete valence beat out. For this reason, they are stable and relatively unreactive. Furthermore, the noble gases take depression boiling points and low melting points. Physically they are colorless and have no olfactory property.
Summary Table for Family Properties
| Family Type | Properties |
| Alkali Metals | – highly reactive – water-sensitive – Soft – depression density – low melting bespeak – depression boiling point |
| Alkaline Earth Metals | – Strong reducing agents – Argent, shiny metal – Good conductors – Low density – Low melting bespeak – Low boiling bespeak |
| Transition Metals | – 2 or more oxidation states – Normally forms paramagnetic compounds – Low ionization energies – Loftier melting betoken – High boiling point – High conductivity – Metallic – Malleable |
| Post Transition Metals | – Solid at standard temperature – Malleable – Ductile – High electrical conductivity – High density |
| Metalloids | – Semi-conductors (conducts only at high temperatures) – More breakable than metals only less brittle than non-metals – Backdrop are a mix between metals and non-metals – Shiny or tedious – Ductile and malleable |
| Lanthanides | – one valence electron in 5d shell – Highly reactive – Stiff reducing agent – Silvery bright metal – Relatively soft – High melting points – Loftier boiling points |
| Actinides | – Highly reactive – Loftier electropositivity – Paramagnetic – Pyromorphic – Allotropic – Radioactive – Silvery metals – Ductile – Malleable – Soft |
| Halogens | – Highly reactive – High electronegativity – Non-metal – Toxic |
| Noble Metals | – Relatively unreactive – Consummate valence shell (8 valence electrons) – Inert – Catalytic – Resistant to corrosion, tarnishing, and oxidation – Soft and Ductile |
| Noble Gases | – Relatively unreactive – Consummate valence shell (eight valence electrons) – Low electronegativity – Colorless and odorless – gases nether standard weather – Non-metal – Low boiling point – Low melting indicate – Density increases as you lot get downwardly |
Further Reading
The Structure of an Cantlet
Periodic Trends Made Easy!
Source: https://chemistrytalk.org/how-to-read-the-periodic-table/
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